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从开封到纽约--繁华易逝(纽约时报的文章)

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发表于 2006-12-29 10:28:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<FONT size=4><FONT face=楷体_GB2312>西方媒体近年来赶潮流地对中国发生了兴趣,制造了一个雾里看花的热闹景观。《纽约时报》今年5月份这篇文章的作者,更是 别具慧眼,在中国的开封走一遭,即大发怀古之幽思,立意直追人类生活兴亡之道。
下面是中文译文:

从开封到纽约,辉煌如过眼烟云
   
  在这个新千年降临之初,纽约是这个世界上最重要的城市,或许可以称作我们这个星球的非官方首都。但纽约人在满足于自己地位之前,有必要了解一下一个位于中国中原地区的破败城市——开封的兴衰。
  开封坐落逐渐淤塞的黄河岸边,是公元1000年时世界第一大都市,也是当时世界上最重要的城市。如果你从来没有听说过这个城市的名字,那没关系,但所有美国人都应该以它的历史为戒——就像这篇文章的中文题目,用很多美国人即将需要好好学习的中文书写而成——“辉煌如过眼烟云”。
  作为现在世界上仅有的一个超级大国,美国认为掌控世界格局是自己的义务。但如果回头看看世界历史,我们会震惊于至高无上的地位竟是如此短暂,特别是对那些曾经辉煌的城市来说。
  如果让我选择历史上的世界第一都市,我会把公元前2000年这一票投给米索不达米亚平原上的乌尔;公元前1500,我选择埃及的底比斯;公元前1000年时,没有哪个城市可以称为世界的中心,但黎巴嫩的西顿勉强算是最繁华的;公元前500年,古波斯帝国的波斯波利斯异军突起;公元1年,当然是罗马;公元500年,中国的长安引来各国的使节前来朝奉;公元1000年,中国的中心也是世界的中心转移到开封;公元1500年,文艺复兴让意大利的佛罗伦萨成为世界创造力的中心;2000年,纽约成为世界上最重要的城市;2500年呢?没有人知道,但应该不是以上任何一个。
  今天的开封肮脏而贫穷。甚至不是省会城市,而且城区狭小得连飞机场都没有。它残破的境况让我们意识到财富的变迁对城市的影响。在宋代,这里是首都,拥有百万以上的人口,而在那个时候,伦敦仅有一万五千人。
  现收藏于北京故宫博物院的16尺长画卷《清明上河图》,用写实的笔法炫耀着历史上开封的繁华和富足。街上行人摩肩接踵,骆驼队满载从丝绸之路运送到中国中原地区的货物,茶楼和饭馆生意兴隆。
  开封吸引了世界各地的移民,甚至包括数百名犹太人。直到今日,在开封依然有一些居民,虽然他们的长相和普通的中国人一样,但却自认为是犹太人,不吃猪肉。
  我漫步在开封街头,询问一些当地居民为什么一个世界中心会沦落到今天的模样。许多人非常羡慕现在的纽约,一个人还说他准备偷渡到美国去,大概需要花费20万元。但也有许多当地居民坚信中国正在复兴,并会重新提升在国际上的地位,成为世界的领导者。
  “中国正在腾飞”,一位住在市郊的农村女孩王瑞娜说到:“给我们几十年的时间,中国会追上甚至赶超美国。”
  她是对的。美国作为世界上经济最发达的国家已经有一个世纪的时间,但很多评估机构预计,通过迅速提高自己的经济和军事实力,中国的国际地位有可能在15年内赶超美国。所以纽约应该从开封那里学习些什么呢?
  必须学到的一课就是保证科学技术优势和健全的经济制度的重要性。历史上中国成为世界上最强盛的国家,依靠的是正先进的文明、领先于时代的贸易政策以及一系列技术革新,例如发明了铁制的犁,发明了印刷术以及纸币。但中国的封建社会发展到一定阶段后,开始轻视贸易和商业,在那之后的600余年时间里,经济停滞,人们的平均收入再没有提高过。
  第二堂课是要注意自满的危险。因为那时,中国开始习惯于自己是世界的中心,并认为无须向其他国家学习——这也是衰落的开始。
  显然,美国也并没有意识到这两点。美国的国家经济管理体制过于松散,甚至无法应付农业补助津贴或长期的预算赤字。美国现在的科学技术水平依旧领先,但学校的数学和其他自然科学的教学水平只能算世界二流。而且美国人对世界其他国家兴趣的匮乏与目前中国人的努力、充满干劲以及果敢成为鲜明的对比,而这些精神正是今天中国重新回到世界最前线的原动力。
  在黄河边,我遇到一位年逾七旬的农民,他叫郝旺,从来没有上过学,甚至不会写自己的名字——但他的后代们完全不同。“我的两个孙子现在正在上大学”,他自夸道,然后他开始和我聊起他家新买的电脑。
  以开封为戒,美国和纽约应该继续保证自己在科学技术领域的领先地位,提高教育水平,并制定有利于长期发展的政策。如果美国为了现在的地位固步自封,即使是纽约这样一个人类历史上最繁华的大都会也可能变成哈德森河畔的开封。</FONT></FONT>
 楼主| 发表于 2006-12-29 10:28:54 | 显示全部楼层
<FONT face=宋体 size=4>下面是英文原版:
New York Times Editorials
  
  China, the World's Capital
  
  从开封到纽约——辉煌如过眼烟云
  《From Kaifeng to New York, glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds》
  
  By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF
  Published: May 22, 2005
  KAIFENG, China
  
   As this millennium dawns, New York City is the most important city in the world, the unofficial capital of planet Earth. But before we New Yorkers become too full of ourselves, it might be worthwhile to glance at dilapidated Kaifeng in central China.
   Kaifeng, an ancient city along the mud-clogged Yellow River, was by far the most important place in the world in 1000. And if you've never heard of it, that's a useful warning for Americans - as the Chinese headline above puts it, in a language of the future that many more Americans should start learning, "glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds."
   As the world's only superpower, America may look today as if global domination is an entitlement. But if you look back at the sweep of history, it's striking how fleeting supremacy is, particularly for individual cities.
   My vote for most important city in the world in the period leading up to 2000 B.C. would be Ur, Iraq. In 1500 B.C., perhaps Thebes, Egypt. There was no dominant player in 1000 B.C., though one could make a case for Sidon, Lebanon. In 500 B.C., it would be Persepolis, Persia; in the year 1, Rome; around A.D. 500, maybe Changan, China; in 1000, Kaifeng, China; in 1500, probably Florence, Italy; in 2000, New York City; and in 2500, probably none of the above.
   Today Kaifeng is grimy and poor, not even the provincial capital and so minor it lacks even an airport. Its sad state only underscores how fortunes change. In the 11th century, when it was the capital of Song Dynasty China, its population was more than one million. In contrast, London's population then was about 15,000.
  An ancient 17-foot painted scroll, now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, shows the bustle and prosperity of ancient Kaifeng.
   Hundreds of pedestrians jostle each other on the streets, camels carry merchandise in from the Silk Road, and teahouses and restaurants do a thriving business.
   Kaifeng's stature attracted people from all over the world, including hundreds of Jews. Even today, there are some people in Kaifeng who look like other Chinese but who consider themselves Jewish and do not eat pork.
As I roamed the Kaifeng area, asking local people why such an international center had sunk so low, I encountered plenty of envy of New York. One man said he was arranging to be smuggled into the U.S. illegally, by paying a gang $25,000, but many local people insisted that China is on course to bounce back and recover its historic role as world leader.
   "China is booming now," said Wang Ruina, a young peasant woman on the outskirts of town. "Give us a few decades and we'll catch up with the U.S., even pass it."
   She's right. The U.S. has had the biggest economy in the world for more than a century, but most projections show that China will surpass us in about 15 years, as measured by purchasing power parity.
  So what can New York learn from a city like Kaifeng?
   One lesson is the importance of sustaining a technological edge and sound economic policies. Ancient China flourished partly because of pro-growth, pro-trade policies and technological innovations like curved iron plows, printing and paper money. But then China came to scorn trade and commerce, and per capita income stagnated for 600 years.
   A second lesson is the danger of hubris, for China concluded it had nothing to learn from the rest of the world - and that was the beginning of the end.
   I worry about the U.S. in both regards. Our economic management is so lax that we can't confront farm subsidies or long-term budget deficits. Our technology is strong, but American public schools are second-rate in math and science. And Americans' lack of interest in the world contrasts with the restlessness, drive and determination that are again pushing China to the forefront.
   Beside the Yellow River I met a 70-year-old peasant named Hao Wang, who had never gone to a day of school. He couldn't even write his name - and yet his progeny were different.
   "Two of my grandsons are now in university," he boasted, and then he started talking about the computer in his home.
   Thinking of Kaifeng should stimulate us to struggle to improve our high-tech edge, educational strengths and pro-growth policies. For if we rest on our laurels, even a city as great as New York may end up as Kaifeng-on-the-Hudson.</FONT>
发表于 2006-12-30 23:04:40 | 显示全部楼层
<P><FONT size=4>辉煌如过眼烟云</FONT>
我们的先辈很早以前就提出~要不停的发现新事物~古人也知道人类因该是不断的前进~而非停止不前.</P><P>这篇文章指出了美国人的松懈式教育~会让美国人以后处于科技劣势.中国人超强的学习与思考能力~是美国人和其他国家所惧怕的!</P><P>现在有很大一部分年轻人~可能忘记了这四个字~~玩物丧志!!</P>
发表于 2007-1-1 06:23:40 | 显示全部楼层
玩物可以丧志,但玩得精通,加上严谨的头脑和超凡的想象力,那就是可遇而不可求的天才了。
发表于 2007-1-1 06:37:45 | 显示全部楼层
<P>我不相信美国有所谓的“松懈教育”,的确,美国的数学十一级等同于中国的初三数学,但一年的十二级数学涵盖了中国的整个高中。美国之所以将高深的数理化生全挤在高中的最后一年,并且还是选修,就是为了让教师能因材施教,高科技不行的学生可以通过技工成才,管弦乐队和剧场表演可以直接升入艺术院校,体育队员成为职业球员,文科生可以直接成为大学文科。许多东西并不需要学,喜欢才学。中国教育全面,一天八节课,一周十四门,真正到了社会里有用的占多少?</P><P>不如向美国学习,学的不广,但是很精,样样都是拿得出手,吃得饱饭。真正搞高科技的需要几个人?有十个大师级的,国家早就腾飞了。不如让进大学的少一点,教授带的专一点,让量子力学博士能够到科研机构去,而不是当什么办公室文员。</P>
发表于 2007-2-28 12:21:44 | 显示全部楼层
现在咋说?教育o(︶︿︶)o 唉搞什么全面发展我觉得很失败,说是全面发展,但是除了学校里的那点就啥不会,素质气质啥都是二流,大多人吧就学校里的那点都问题重重你问甲他告诉你乙好不容易有几个特异的还立刻看管。其实先把素质整上去,别学校里一混日子家里一混魔王,再整其他的,还最好专整,别想培养些今天发表一文学作品明天发明一新式武器后天数学竞赛得奖的人。
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